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040			_aES-MaBCA _cES-MaBCA
100			_914809 _aBentzen, Naja
245			_aForeign influence operations in the EU
260			_bEuropean Parliamentary Research Service _cjuly 2018
300			_a12 p. _fRecurso online _c700 KB
490			_aBriefing
520			_aAttempting to influence political decision-making beyond one's own political sphere is not a new phenomenon – it is an integral part of the history of geopolitics. Whereas hard power relies on military and economic force, the soft power of a state involves public diplomacy and dialogue on values, cultures and ideas, which should normally correspond with its behaviour abroad. Although the extent is hard to measure, democratic states whose values match the prevailing global norms – pluralism, fundamental rights and freedoms, the rule of law as a principle within states and in international relations – and exert this influence by contributing to the prevention and resolution of conflicts, traditionally appear more attractive, thus having more soft power leverage. However, influence can also serve purposes of interference and destabilisation. Authoritarian state actorsstruggle to project soft power while engaging in disruptive or destructive behaviour. Instead, some state actors see a means of reaching their goals by making democratic actors, systems and values appear less attractive, through a number of overt and covert instruments. The tools are constantly evolving. Today, social media combines the oral tradition with new electronic means of dissemination, enabling (potentially disruptive) messages to spread instantaneously. Disinformation can be, and is being, combined with other instruments in an increasingly diverse, hybrid 'toolbox' that authoritarian state actors have at their disposal. In recent years, awareness in the research community of online disinformation by state actors has increased around the world, not least in the context of the United Kingdom referendum on EU membership and the US presidential election in 2016. Although their visibility increases in the context of elections and referendums, influence campaigns are not limited to democratic processes.
610		0	_91645 _aUnión Europea
650		0	_911093 _aExtranjería
650		0	_916276 _aInferencia
710			_912899 _aParlamento Europeo _b. Servicio de Investigación Parlamentario Europeo
856	4		_uhttps://biblioteca.guardiacivil.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-retrieve-file.pl?id=901147078de715d9200b456fe86206bc _y *DESCARGAR PDF*
942			_2udc _cART _kBoletín UE _mjuly 2018